Fact checkedExpert's opinion

The article is a subjective view on this topic written by writers specializing in medical writing.
It may reflect on a personal journey surrounding struggles with an illness or medical condition, involve product comparisons, diet considerations, or other health-related opinions.

Although the view is entirely that of the writer, it is based on academic experiences and scientific research they have conducted; it is fact-checked by a team of degreed medical experts, and validated by sources attached to the article.

The numbers in parenthesis (1,2,3) will take you to clickable links to related scientific papers.

Best Stim Free Pre Workout 2024: Top 5 Caffeine Free Supplements

Mitchelle Morgan

Updated on - Written by
Medically reviewed by Kathy Shattler, MS, RDN

All articles are produced independently. When you click our links for purchasing products, we earn an affiliate commission. Learn more about how we earn revenue by reading our advertise disclaimer.

Transparent Labs Stim-Free Pre-Workout

Transparent Labs Stim-Free Pre-Workout

  • Genetically modified organism (GMO)-free
  • Natural ingredients
  • No artificial additives

Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim Free Pre-Workout

Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim-Free Pre-Workout

  • It contains nootropics
  • Nitric oxide booster
  • It has six flavor options
Pre Kaged Pre-Workout

Kaged – Pre-Kaged

  • Third-party tested
  • No artificial flavors
  • Promotes better muscle pumps

15% Off Coupon: HEALTHCANAL

Coffee has a powerful effect on steering mental focus for bodybuilders with muscle growth goals and, in some cases, weight loss. It primarily provides a burst of energy to enhance exercise performance and make healing faster.

However, by taking such the best stim free pre workout, some people may experience some nasty consequences from using the supplements.

Caffeine sensitivities mainly present as jitters that some people find irritating, and in some extreme cases, hives and even anaphylaxis[1] occur. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening, so it is safe for anyone with such sensitivity to stay clear from post and pre-workout caffeine supplements.

Some people may be able to stomach a low-caffeine pre-workout supplement, but it is best to stay safe with a pre-workout without caffeine entirely. This piece covers five of the best stimulant-free (stim-free) pre-workout supplements on the current market.

Best Non Stim Pre Workout In (April. 2024)

Best Stim Free Pre Workout Supplements In 2024

Transparent Labs Stim-Free Pre-Workout

The non-GMO, gluten-free, stim-free pre-workout formula is one of the best because of its components. The brand prides itself on honesty and an excellent online reputation that has kept them in business for years.

  • This stim-free supplement is GMO-free.
  • It does not contain artificial additives like flavors, colors, or preservatives.
  • This pre-workout supplement is gluten-free.
  • It includes a long list of ingredients with numerous health benefits.
  • It is potent at boosting nitric oxide levels.
  • Some users say that it made them feel nauseated after consumption.

Citrulline malate is a vital element in their formula and for a good reason. Citrulline malate was chosen over L-arginine owing to its superior absorption, greater plasma arginine levels[2], ability to improve power, aerobic capacity[3], and muscle stamina.

It also works to increase nitric oxide production[4] levels at least twice as effectively as L-arginine intake. It also improves the utilization of leucine and other branch-chain amino acids during a workout.

Beta-alanine boosts intracellular carnosine levels, which are rapidly exhausted during strenuous activity. Beta-alanine is found in most pre-workout formulas but in minimal doses. Stim-free does not cause neurological fatigue in women or men during intensive exercise like caffeine. Still, it does encourage the production of healthy proteins, which helps athletes gain lean mass and lose fat.

Valine[5] is an essential component of pre-workout supplements because of its metabolic and muscle-building roles. It aids in the reduction of tryptophan build-up in the brain, resulting in increased energy and endurance, facilitating a mind-muscle connection.

Leucine causes a substantial stimulation of the protein synthesis[6] gene, which enhances strength and inhibits muscle degeneration while maintaining lean mass.

Isoleucine boosts metabolism and has anti-catabolic properties[7] during exercise.

Betaine supplementation appears to stimulate considerable muscle growth. However in recent clinical investigations[8], the rate is not as significant. However, there is a notable decrease in fat mass. In a recent study[9], betaine boosted IGF-1 while significantly lowering cortisol in bodybuilding males.

Jacked Factory Pump Surge Stim-Free Pre-Workout

It’s a full vitamin E mix that gives antioxidant properties, Pumpsurge is a caffeine-free, carefully dosed pre-workout supplement. The composition differs from typical pre-workouts in that it contains only fully dosed brain-enhancing nootropic and ergogenic booster substances.

  • It contains nootropics.
  • This supplement is optimal for boosting nitric oxide levels.
  • Made in a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-certified facility.
  • The product has overwhelmingly positive reviews on Amazon.
  • It is available in six different flavors.
  • Avoid the non-stim supplement if you are on any other medications, are pregnant, nursing, or under 18.

The company claims that its product generates explosive muscular pumps, but that’s just the start. Pumpsurge’s stim-free pre-workout combines cutting-edge nutrients like Betaine, L-Citrulline[10], Taurine, Alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), Huperzine A[11], and Astragin to increase nitric oxide production and blood flow to the muscles during intense workouts. This promotes muscular growth, fullness, and extreme vascularity by increasing nutrition delivery.

According to Jacked Factory, whatever is on the label is in the container, and what’s not on the tag isn’t. It’s not a proprietary combination. All the ingredients are included on the label, so you know what you’re consuming.

Each batch of supplements is made in a state-of-the-art Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) facility in the United States. They ensure that you receive the safest and highest-quality bodybuilding supplements available.

Lastly, those who appreciate options have six flavors: cherry limeade, blue raspberry, cucumber lime, raspberry peach, watermelon, and strawberry lemonade.

Kaged Pre-Kaged

Pre Kaged Pre-Workout

15% Off Coupon: HEALTHCANAL

See Kaged Reviews

Pre-Kaged Stimulant Free gives you a fresh and balanced workout performance without keeping you awake at night because of its one-of-a-kind blend of quality, proprietary, and scientifically tested substances.

  • It is available in two delicious flavors.
  • The ingredients facilitate better muscle growth and pumps.
  • It contains no artificial flavors.
  • The brand markets this product as an anytime supplement, even for night workouts.
  • It is third-party tested.
  • It is made using natural ingredients.
  • It is a proprietary blend.

Each serving of this pre-workout supplement for men and women provides an ample supply of pure L-citrulline[10]. The ingredient helps transport nutrient-rich blood deeper into your muscles, creating thick, rugged muscle pumps.

According to the creators, the quality that sets this pre-workout powder, which has won awards, different from other stimulants, is that it encourages gains in size strength and performance.

It’s a unique combination because of the inclusion of patented ingredients, including patented CarnoSyn, beta-alanine, patented Creatine HCl, and trademarked BetaPower.

Each serving contains 32 grams of components at its maximum dosage; one scoop is all you need. It is one of the pre-workout supplements that has received the most awards and has the highest ratings.

The complete ingredient profile is l-citrulline, carnosyn, niacin, coconut water[12], natural flavors, sucralose, sea salt, creatine HCl, and sunflower lecithin.

Sucralose is a controversial ingredient documented to adversely affect the user’s microbiome, upsetting the gut’s bacterial flora and causing blood sugar problems. Although sanctioned by the Food and Drug Administration as being safe, there is documentation[13] that it negatively affects the health of some people.

Kaged Muscle supplements are for women and men who want gains and desire pure, quality products. This stim-free pre-workout is made with some of the most premium and proprietary ingredients available. The two flavors are the cherry bomb and fruit punch.

Muscle Tech Muscle Builder ATP Formula

Because of its ingredients, Muscle Builder is a muscle-building supplement that has been validated by clinical research and may help you improve your strength and performance.

  • It is a potent nitric oxide booster.
  • The pills in this formula peak ATP for enhanced strength.
  • The pill improves muscle strength and endurance.
  • It contains peak ATP, which aids in blood flow and vasodilation.
  • This non-stim pre-workout supplement may cause nausea.

This stimulant-free pre-workout supplement packs 400mg of PEAK ATP[14] (adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium) into its servings to improve the user’s resilience, performance, and muscle recovery.

Muscle Builder non-stimulant pre-workout supplements claim that their products assist recuperation, promote vasodilation, and improve blood flow. It may result in tremendous pumps getting you ripped.

Take one capsule with a cup of water thirty to forty-five minutes before your workout to get the most out of this non-stimulant pre-workout supplement. On days when you don’t have a workout scheduled, consume one portion on an empty stomach before breakfast.

The ingredients for the formula are magnesium stearate[15], silicon dioxide, capsule (Gelatin, Titanium Dioxide, FD & C Blue No. 1), and microcrystalline cellulose.

Evlution Nutrition Pump Mode Non-Stimulant Pump Accelerator

Pumpmode’s unique nitric oxide enhancing formula is based on ground-breaking new ingredients that increase dilatation and muscular hydration for the best pumping and vasculature every session. Plus, because its straightforward recipe is stimulant-free, you can take it any time of the day.

  • This product is a nitric oxide powerhouse.
  • It may help with bone health due to the availability of both vitamin C and D.
  • It promotes muscle hydration.
  • This product promotes faster muscle healing.
  • It may boost immunity.
  • You must become a member to get a discount.

Increased nitric oxide generation promotes better blood flow and oxygen transfer, facilitating better nutrient delivery required for performance and creating ATP, which is necessary for muscle energy production.

It results in increased blood flow to the muscles you’re training and better endurance, allowing you to work out for longer and get better pumps.

This stim-free pre-workout uses ultraconcentrated glycerol[16], which has ten times the concentration of standard glycerol components, to provide the next level of pumps and muscular hydration. It indicates that the body’s ability to assimilate fluids into muscular and intracellular cells increases, resulting in increased hydration and pump amplitude during intense workouts.

The formula also includes vitamins C and D.

Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant[17] that aids in the healing and development of tissue cells and maintains a healthy immune response[18]. This antioxidant also aids in the fight against and neutralization of free radicals in the body, which can limit the life of nitric oxide. So, in essence, it promotes nitric oxide synthesis[19].

Vitamin D promotes the development of the enzyme eNOS, which is essential for generating nitric oxide and muscular contractions, bone strength, and immunology.

What Is A Stim Free Pre Workout?

A non-stim pre-workout supplement is a regular pre-workout supplement with all the effective pre-workout ingredients like beta-alanine, nitrosamine, and B vitamins but without caffeine.

But notably, caffeine is not the only stimulant, as there is also yohimbine[20], theacrine[21], and guarana[22] that serve the same purpose of boosting focus during workouts.

These stim-free alternatives may contain these stimulants, but that does not mean the user does not get the boost of energy. Instead, their ingredients are equally effective with significant benefits like muscle recovery, reducing muscle soreness, regulating blood pressure, and enhancing exercise capacity

Does Stimulant Free Pre Workout Supplements Work?

When it comes to whether the best stim-free pre-workouts work, the answer is an astounding yes. And that is thanks to the alternative ingredient offering more or better effects than caffeine (without the jitters).

One notable ingredient used in caffeine-free dietary supplements is beta-alanine[23], which works similarly to caffeine to boost blood flow to the muscle tissue as you work out.

With increased blood flow in the muscle tissue, oxygen and nutrient delivery are optimized. The effect is less muscle soreness, more power output, and muscle building during low- and high-intensity exercise.

The key ingredient and others similar to it affirm that you can get a lot of benefits from a good workout by lifting weights without consuming caffeine. The best stimulant-free pre-workouts are beneficial and can increase your next workout by stimulating muscle pumps, vascularity, and muscular growth.

Ingredients In Non-Stim Pre-Workouts

Here are some of the key ingredients that make up the formulation of the best non-stim pre-workout supplements;

  • Beta-Alanine: The product must have a minimum of 3.2 grams of beta-alanine. The effect of beta-alanine is to fill up the carnosine reserves[24] in the muscle. As the intensity of the workout increases, carnosine’s ability to buffer acid in the muscles becomes increasingly essential.
  • Betaine: It’s also known as trimethylglycine and is an element obtained from beets. It works to manage homocysteine levels[25] and modulate the water balance in the cells. The usual dose ranges from 2500 to 6000 milligrams per day. If your homocysteine level is too high, the surplus homocysteine may destroy the walls of your arteries, which transport oxygen-rich blood around your system. High homocysteine levels might also cause blood vessel obstructions and blood clots.
  • BCAAs: Iso-Leucine, Leucine, and Valine are amino acids that contribute to producing protein from muscle. Muscle protein synthesis is how muscles repair, recuperate and develop. In this case, the appropriate intake is at least three grams of leucine, along with one and a half grams of valine and isoleucine.
  • Creatine: also known as creatine phosphate, is a substance that contributes a phosphate group to regenerating ATP (energy). It helps boost power and endurance, stamina, muscular mass, and hydration, and it also provides some pretty significant advantages for your brain[26]
  • You only need to consume 5 grams regularly to grow bigger muscles.
  • Citrulline: Citrulline boosts nitric oxide production[27] in the body, which results in higher muscle pumps for the user. Because it is more readily available to the body, it is more effective than arginine. The dose of 6 grams is what you should be aiming for here.
  • Glycerol: This one is effective because it causes an inflow of water into the cells[28], which results in you becoming hydrated. A caffeine-free pre-workout should have at least 2–5 grams of glycerol.
  • Nootropics: These ingredients are an interesting category of dietary supplements that greatly boost focus, which is a factor that significantly influences how strenuously one can work out. Alpha-GPC[29], choline[30], and lion’s mane[31] are three components you should seek in a stimulant-free pre-workout. The concentrations to take are dependent on each element.
  • Tyrosine: This is another amino acid that can be transformed into both adrenaline and dopamine[32]. It will assist in making you feel great and may provide you with spurts of energy. You only need 500-2000 mg daily.

Benefits Of Caffeine Free Pre Workout Supplements

Here are the significant benefits of using stim-free pre-workouts:

  • No more caffeine jitters and crashes.
  • They offer the body increased energy.
  • These caffeine-free pre-workouts increase your strength and power.
  • They boost nitric oxide levels in the body.
  • They contain ingredients that assist in growing muscles, such as creatine and branched-chain fatty acids ( BCAAs).

How To Choose A Stim-Free Pre-Workout Supplement?

Before picking Huge supplements or Pump Serum, do you know what to look at before selecting?

Here is a simple questionnaire to ask yourself when looking for the best non-stimulant pre-workout:

  • What is in the supplement as the key ingredients?
  • Is it a proprietary blend or not?
  • Is this supplement third-party tested?
  • What are the certifications that the product holds?
  • Can my finances sustain the usage of these supplements?

The ingredient profile is the first thing to consider when selecting a stim-free pre-workout supplement. Notably, it should have zero caffeine with some of the critical stim-free ingredients we highlighted above, including the essential and non-essential amino acids that boost your workout session.

It would help if you did a bit of research to ascertain whether a component is beneficial or not. As much as proprietary blends are revolutionary and unique, you should avoid them if the brand is not third-party tested. Without a third-party test, you are unsure what you consume with each dosage.

The next thing is to ensure that they are gluten-free and non-GMO. On this note, check out the certifications the brand holds, such as cGMP, or NSF-sport. If they have these certificates, it cements their credibility as a caffeine-free pre-workout supplement.

Lastly, consider the value by looking at the expenses you will incur long-term. You need to consume the supplement for a while to see results. Some take weeks, while others take months, but the point is that you will be using them for a time.

So, can your finances carry the weight of using the selected brand of caffeine-free version of supplements or not? If not, search for a cheaper option.

Final Thought

Non-stimulant pre-workouts come in various packaging and sizes, but you now know which to choose. If you decide to go with other stimulant-free pre-workout supplements, you should be aware of the substances to look for and those to avoid.

Consult a medical practitioner to check your overall health to prevent issues such as allergies and severe reactions. Stim-free pre-workouts aid in nitric oxide synthesis, blood flow, muscle pumping, healing, and muscle development. So, if these are your objectives, choose one of the five options listed above.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are Stim-free pre-workouts worth it?

Yes, they are. They help with improving nitric oxide production and enhance muscle development. Also, it is the best alternative for people with caffeine sensitivities.

Does Stim-free pre-workout give you tingles?

No, they do not since it does not have caffeine.

What pre-workout doesn’t give you jitters?

Pre-workout supplements with caffeine may give you the jitters.

What does non-stim pre-workout do?

A non-stim pre-workout promotes nitric oxide synthesis in the muscles facilitating more energy, pump, and muscle growth.


+ 32 sources

Health Canal avoids using tertiary references. We have strict sourcing guidelines and rely on peer-reviewed studies, academic researches from medical associations and institutions. To ensure the accuracy of articles in Health Canal, you can read more about the editorial process here

  1. Sugiyama, K., Cho, T., Tatewaki, M., Onishi, S., Yokoyama, T., Yoshida, N., Fujimatsu, T., Hirata, H., Fukuda, T. and Fukushima, Y. (2015). Anaphylaxis due to caffeine. Asia Pacific Allergy, [online] 5(1), p.55. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2015.5.1.55.
  2. ‌‌Rashid, J., Kumar, S.S., Job, K.M., Liu, X., Fike, C.D. and Sherwin, C.M.T. (2020). Therapeutic Potential of Citrulline as an Arginine Supplement: A Clinical Pharmacology Review. Pediatric Drugs, [online] 22(3), pp.279–293. doi:10.1007/s40272-020-00384-5.
  3. ‌Grala, A., Éderson Candellório, Sperandio, P. and Andreo Fernando Aguiar (2021). Effects of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Aerobic and Muscular Endurance in Young Adults Men. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350500510_Effects_of_Citrulline_Malate_Supplementation_on_Aerobic_and_Muscular_Endurance_in_Young_Adults_Men.
  4. ‌Gough, L.A., Sparks, S.A., McNaughton, L.R., Higgins, M.F., Newbury, J.W., Trexler, E., Faghy, M.A. and Bridge, C.A. (2021). A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, [online] 121(12), pp.3283–3295. doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6.
  5. ‌Wolfe, R.R. (2017). Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, [online] 14(1). doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9.
  6. ‌Suryawan, A., Jeyapalan, A.S., Orellana, R.A., Wilson, F.A., Nguyen, H.V. and Davis, T.A. (2008). Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs by enhancing mTORC1 activation. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, [online] 295(4), pp.E868–E875. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90314.2008.
  7. ‌Baticci, F. and Bozzetti, F. (1990). Anticatabolic properties of branched chain amino-acids in post-operative patients. A prospective study. Clinical Nutrition, [online] 9(5), pp.246–252. doi:10.1016/0261-5614(90)90032-n.
  8. ‌Moro, T., Badiali, F., Fabbri, I. and Paoli, A. (2020). Betaine Supplementation Does Not Improve Muscle Hypertrophy or Strength Following 6 Weeks of Cross-Fit… [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342043494_Betaine_Supplementation_Does_Not_Improve_Muscle_Hypertrophy_or_Strength_Following_6_Weeks_of_Cross-Fit_Training.
  9. ‌Hadi Nobari, Mehdi Kargarfard, Minasian, V. and Perez-Gomez, J. (2021). The effects of 14-week betaine supplementation on endocrine markers, body composition and anthropometrics… [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349822994_The_effects_of_14-week_betaine_supplementation_on_endocrine_markers_body_composition_and_anthropometrics_in_professional_youth_soccer_players_a_double_blind_randomized_placebo-controlled_trial.
  10. ‌Aguayo, E., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Fernández-Lobato, B. and Alacid, F. (2021). L-Citrulline: A Non-Essential Amino Acid with Important Roles in Human Health. Applied Sciences, [online] 11(7), p.3293. doi:10.3390/app11073293.
  11. ‌Kaczka, P., Batra, A., Kubicka, K., Maciejczyk, M., Rzeszutko-Bełzowska, A., Pezdan-Śliż, I., Michałowska-Sawczyn, M., Przydział, M., Płonka, A., Cięszczyk, P., Humińska-Lisowska, K. and Zając, T. (2020). Effects of Pre-Workout Multi-Ingredient Supplement on Anaerobic Performance: Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [online] 17(21), p.8262. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218262.
  12. ‌Laitano, O., Trangmar, S.J., Marins, D. de M., Menezes, E.S. and Reis, G. da S. (2014). Improved exercise capacity in the heat followed by coconut water consumption. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, [online] 20(1), pp.107–111. doi:10.1590/s1980-65742014000100016.
  13. ‌gilmerm (2021). Is Sucralose (Splenda) Bad for You? [online] Cleveland Clinic. Available at: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/is-sucralose-splenda-bad-for-you/.
  14. ‌Rathmacher, J.A., Fuller, J.C., Baier, S.M., Abumrad, N.N., Angus, H.F. and Sharp, R.L. (2012). Adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation improves low peak muscle torque and torque fatigue during repeated high intensity exercise sets. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, [online] 9(1). doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-48.
  15. ‌Zhang, Y., Xun, P., Wang, R., Mao, L. and He, K. (2017). Can Magnesium Enhance Exercise Performance? Nutrients, [online] 9(9), p.946. doi:10.3390/nu9090946.
  16. ‌Simon and Jeff Scott Coombes (2013). Glycerol Use in Hyperhydration and Rehydration: Scientific Update. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232279942_Glycerol_Use_in_Hyperhydration_and_Rehydration_Scientific_Update.
  17. ‌Taghiyar, M., Darvishi, L., Askari, G., Feizi, A., Hariri, M., Mashhadi, N.S. and Ghiasvand, R. (2013). The effect of vitamin C and e supplementation on muscle damage and oxidative stress in female athletes: a clinical trial. International journal of preventive medicine, [online] 4(Suppl 1), pp.S16-23. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665020/.
  18. ‌Carr, A. and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, [online] 9(11), p.1211. doi:10.3390/nu9111211.
  19. ‌d’Uscio, L.V., Milstien, S., Richardson, D., Smith, L. and Katusic, Z.S. (2003). Long-Term Vitamin C Treatment Increases Vascular Tetrahydrobiopterin Levels and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity. Circulation Research, [online] 92(1), pp.88–95. doi:10.1161/01.res.0000049166.33035.62.
  20. ‌Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R., Hoffman, J.R., Wilborn, C.D., Sale, C., Kreider, R.B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C.P., Bannock, L., Campbell, B., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T.N. and Antonio, J. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, [online] 12(1). doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y.
  21. ‌Rezende, N.S., Swinton, P., de Oliveira, L.F., da Silva, R.P., da Eira Silva, V., Nemezio, K., Yamaguchi, G., Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Saunders, B. and Dolan, E. (2020). The Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation: A Systematic Review With Bayesian Individual and Aggregate Data E-Max Model and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, [online] 11. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00913.
  22. Ostojic, S.M. (2006). Yohimbine: The Effects on Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players. Research in Sports Medicine, [online] 14(4), pp.289–299. doi:10.1080/15438620600987106.
  23. ‌Kuhman, D., Joyner, K. and Bloomer, R. (2015). Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement, Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women. Nutrients, [online] 7(11), pp.9618–9632. doi:10.3390/nu7115484.
  24. ‌Moustakas, D., Mezzio, M., Rodriguez, B.R., Constable, M.A., Mulligan, M.E. and Voura, E.B. (2015). Guarana Provides Additional Stimulation over Caffeine Alone in the Planarian Model. PLOS ONE, [online] 10(4), p.e0123310. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123310.
  25. ‌McRae, M.P. (2013). Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in healthy adult participants: a meta-analysis. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, [online] 12(1), pp.20–25. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2012.11.001.
  26. ‌Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Ostojic, S.M. and Rawson, E.S. (2021). Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health. Nutrients, [online] 13(2), p.586. doi:10.3390/nu13020586.
  27. ‌Kim, I.-Y., Schutzler, S.E., Schrader, A., Spencer, H.J., Azhar, G., Deutz, N.E.P. and Wolfe, R.R. (2015). Acute ingestion of citrulline stimulates nitric oxide synthesis but does not increase blood flow in healthy young and older adults with heart failure. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, [online] 309(11), pp.E915–E924. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00339.2015.
  28. ‌Wingo, J.E., Casa, D.J., Berger, E.M., Dellis, W.O., Knight, J.C. and McClung, J.M. (2004). Influence of a Pre-Exercise Glycerol Hydration Beverage on Performance and Physiologic Function During Mountain-Bike Races in the Heat. Journal of athletic training, [online] 39(2), pp.169–175. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419512/.
  29. ‌Bellar, D., LeBlanc, N.R. and Campbell, B. (2015). The effect of 6 days of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on isometric strength. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, [online] 12(1). doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0103-x.
  30. ‌Gage, M., Phillips, K., Noh, B. and Yoon, T. (2021). Choline-Based Multi-Ingredient Supplementation Can Improve Explosive Strength during a Fatiguing Task. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [online] 18(21), p.11400. doi:10.3390/ijerph182111400.
  31. ‌Wong Kah Hui, Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Abdullah, N. and Keynes, R.J. (2007). Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Lion’s Mane Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers…. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247855308_Activity_of_Aqueous_Extracts_of_Lion’s_Mane_Mushroom_Hericium_erinaceus_Bull_Fr_Pers_Aphyllophoromycetideae_on_the_Neural_Cell_Line_NG108-15.
  32. ‌Daubner, S.C., Le, T. and Wang, S. (2011). Tyrosine hydroxylase and regulation of dopamine synthesis. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, [online] 508(1), pp.1–12. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.017.
Mitchelle Morgan

Medically reviewed by:

Kathy Shattler

Mitchelle Morgan is a health and wellness writer with over 10 years of experience. She holds a Master's in Communication. Her mission is to provide readers with information that helps them live a better lifestyle. All her work is backed by scientific evidence to ensure readers get valuable and actionable content.

Medically reviewed by:

Kathy Shattler

Journal of Physical Education and Sport

Trusted Source

Go to source

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

Trusted Source

Go to source

African Journals Online

Non-profit Platform for African Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of The American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Trusted Source
Go to source

Informit

RMIT University Library

Trusted Source
Go to source

European Food Safety Authority

Science, Safe food, Sustainability

Trusted Source
Go to source

OrthoInfo

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Trusted Source
Go to source

American Academy of Family Physicians

Strengthen family physicians and the communities they care for

Trusted Source
Go to source

Agricultural Research Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Trusted Source
Go to source

The American Journal of Medicine

Official Journal of The Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Database From National Institute Of Health

Trusted Source
Go to source

Lippincott Journals

Subsidiaries of Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute on Aging

Database From National Institute Of Health

Trusted Source
Go to source

Translational Research

The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine

Trusted Source
Go to source

Cell

An All-science Publisher

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of Translational Medicine

BioMed Central

Part of Springer Nature
Go to source

Federal Trade Commission

Protecting America's Consumers

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Human Genome Research Institute

Database From National Institute Of Health

Trusted Source
Go to source

Food Production, Processing and Nutrition

BioMed Central

Part of Springer Nature
Go to source

BMC Gastroenterology

BioMed Central

Part of Springer Nature
Go to source

ACS Publications

A Division of The American Chemical Society

Trusted Source
Go to source

Annual Reviews

Independent, Non-profit Academic Publishing Company

Trusted Source
Go to source

PubChem

National Center for Biotechnology Information

National Library of Medicine
Go to source

PLOS Journals

Nonprofit Publisher of Open-access Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

Thieme E-books & E-Journals

Peer-reviewed & Open Access Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences

Peer-reviewed International Journal Publishes

Trusted Source
Go to source

Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing Home

Chemical Science Journals, Books and Database

Trusted Source
Go to source

Frontiers

Publisher of Peer-reviewed Articles in Open Acess Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

De Gruyter

German Scholarly Publishing House

Trusted Source
Go to source

Hindawi

Open Access Research Journals & Papers

Trusted Source
Go to source

Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids

EDP Sciences

Trusted Source
Go to source

Cambridge Core

Cambridge University Press

Trusted Source
Go to source

FoodData Central

U.S. Department Of Agriculture

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of the American Heart Association

Peer-reviewed Open Access Scientific Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

The Americans with Disabilities Act

U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Organization of Food and Nutrition Professionals

tr
Go to source

Sage Journals

Database From Sage Publications

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute of Drug Abuse

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

The ClinMed International Library

A Repository and an Open Access Publisher for Medical Research

Trusted Source
Go to source

The Royal Society Publishing

United Kingdom's National Academy of Sciences

Trusted Source
Go to source

APA PsycNet

Database From American Psychological Association

Trusted Source
Go to source

The Pharma Innovation Journal

Peer-reviewed And Refereed Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development

Peer-reviewed Bimonthly Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

British Pharmacological Society

Journals - Wiley Online Library

Trusted Source
Go to source

American Psychological Association

Scientific and Professional Organization of Psychologists

Trusted Source
Go to source

AAP Publications

Database From American Academy of Pediatrics

Trusted Source
Go to source

Karger Publishers

Academic Publisher of Scientific and Medical Journals and Books

Trusted Source
Go to source

Cambridge University Press & Assessment

Database From Cambridge University

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute of Mental Health

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

MDPI

Publisher of Open Access Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Part of Springer Nature

Trusted Source
Go to source

The New England Journal of Medicine

Massachusetts Medical Society

Trusted Source
Go to source

Economic Research Service

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Trusted Source
Go to source

MedlinePlus

Database From National Library of Medicine

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

National Institute of Health

An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Trusted Source
Go to source

Trusted Source

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

The BMJ

Weekly Peer-reviewed Medical Trade Journal

The British Medical Association
Go to source

The British Psychological Society

The British Psychological Society is a charity registered in England

Database From Wiley Online Library
Go to source

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

PubMed

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S National Library of Medicine
Go to source

DailyMed

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S National Library of Medicine
Go to source

Google Scholar

Go to source

Science.gov: USA.gov for Science

Government Science Portal

Go to source

ResearchGate

Social Network Service For Scientists

Find and share research
Go to source

American Heart Association

To be a rentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives

Go to source

BioMed Central

Research in progress

Go to source

JAMA Network

Home of JAMA and the Specialty Journals of the American Medical Association

Go to source

Springer Link

Database From Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer - International Publisher Science, Technology, Medicine
Go to source

ODS

Database from Office of Dietary Supplements

National Institutes of Health
Go to source

Federal Trade Commission

Bureaus of Consumer Protection, Competition and Economics
Go to source

Trusted Source

Database From U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

Governmental Authority
Go to source

Oxford Academic Journals

Oxford University Press

Trusted Source
Go to source

Taylor & Francis Online

Peer-reviewed Journals

Academic Publishing Division of Informa PLC
Go to source

WHO

Database from World Health Organization

Go to source

Journal of Neurology

Peer-reviewed Medical Journal

American Academy of Neurology Journal
Go to source

ScienceDirect

Bibliographic Database of Scientific and Medical Publications

Dutch publisher Elsevier
Go to source

Wiley Online Library

American Multinational Publishing Company

Trusted Source
Go to source

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

U.S. National Public Health Agency

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

Trusted Source

Database from U.S. National Library of Medicine

U.S. Federal Government
Go to source

U.S. Food & Drug Administration

Federal Agency

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

PubMed Central

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S National Library of Medicine
Go to source
Feedback

Help us rate this article

Thank you for your feedback

Keep in touch to see our improvement