Fact checkedExpert's opinion

The article is a subjective view on this topic written by writers specializing in medical writing.
It may reflect on a personal journey surrounding struggles with an illness or medical condition, involve product comparisons, diet considerations, or other health-related opinions.

Although the view is entirely that of the writer, it is based on academic experiences and scientific research they have conducted; it is fact-checked by a team of degreed medical experts, and validated by sources attached to the article.

The numbers in parenthesis (1,2,3) will take you to clickable links to related scientific papers.

7 Best Vegan Multivitamins: Supplements for Plant-Based Diet 2024

Mitchelle Morgan

Updated on - Written by
Medically reviewed by Kathy Shattler, MS, RDN

All articles are produced independently. When you click our links for purchasing products, we earn an affiliate commission. Learn more about how we earn revenue by reading our advertise disclaimer.

Ritual Essential Multivitamin

Ritual Essential Multivitamin

  • Easy to swallow capsules
  • Smells and tastes minty
  • Gender and age-specific subscription

Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin

Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin

  • Eco-friendly
  • Registered with the vegan society
  • Great money-saving deals

HealthyCell Vegan Essentials

HealthyCell Vegan Essentials

  • Packaging is 100% recyclable
  • Has amazing taste
  • It’s a vegan gel

Check Price

15% Off Coupon: HEALTHCANAL15

New nutritional supplement brands crop up almost every day, offering everything from immunity boosting to healthy skin and digestion. Any dietary supplement you can think of can most likely be found on the internet.

The dietary supplement companies diversify certain products into a specific niche to streamline and push their goods. As a result, we have vegan multivitamins for both men and women, which the vegan society is very enthusiastic about.

We can’t hold it against anyone since we all want to live a healthy life at the end of the day. And if you think switching to a plant-based diet may help, go for it!

Vegan diets have piqued the interest of scientists who are conducting studies on the health benefits of the vegan diet. So far, scientific study on the vegan diet has shown that it is beneficial in lowering cholesterol[1], promoting weight loss[2], improving blood sugar levels[3], and easing arthritis symptoms[4].

As a result, various vegan multivitamin supplements are now available. So, how do you choose the best vegan multivitamin supplement for you?

Best Vegan Multivitamins for Vegetarians on the market in (October. 2024)

Do Vegans Need Daily Multivitamins?

Yes, many do, and so do a lot of other people who eat suboptimally, particularly those who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet. You must remember that a vegan diet is comprised entirely of plant foods whereas a vegetarian diet may not be so limited excluding meat, poultry, and seafood. While vegetarian foods come mostly from plants, some vegetarians allow dairy and eggs.  A vegan diet eliminates all animal product foods including honey.

Believe it or not, animal products are the primary source of a few key nutrients like B vitamins B6, B12, niacin, and riboflavin. They are also potent suppliers of proteins, phosphorous, zinc, and calcium.

Now, since vegan diets subtract animal products rich in these nutrients, it is possible that vegans may run deficient in the above. Hence, to avoid such instances, besides a balanced vegan diet, using a high-quality multivitamin for vegetarians may help.

The best vegan supplements that are legit will contain all the nutrients, but they are all sourced from plants. Alternatively, a bioidentical substance may be utilized in the formula. A bioidentical vegan vitamin or mineral is identical to the original one but is created in the lab to offer the same benefits to the human body.

Stick to a healthy diet with organic fruits, vegetables, seeds, legumes, and oils. And before using a multivitamin for vegetarians, consult your doctor.

7 Best Vegan Multivitamins for Vegetarians in 2024

Ritual Essential Multivitamin

When Kat Schneider, the founder of Ritual, became pregnant and couldn’t find a vitamin product she could trust, she decided to develop her own. As an outcome, Ritual is born as a no-nonsense, scientific-backed multivitamin for women that includes the essential vitamins and minerals every woman needs.

  • Ideal for specific age groups, gender-specific
  • 100% vegan, traceable, and United States Pharmacopeia (USP)-certified
  • 3rd party tested with no artificial preservatives or dyes
  • Gluten-free and free of major allergens
  • It is an exceptional, dependable brand
  • The company has slow shipping
  • Vegan multivitamins are very expensive

The brand selling point is that the ingredients are in bioavailable forms that your body can assimilate faster.

Clients appreciate how effortless they ingest the capsules, how gentle they are on the stomach, and how minty they taste and smell.

Ritual has a variety of specially formulated products for children, pregnant women, postpartum women, people over 50, and men. These items are available as part of a flexible subscription plan that includes free delivery, which you may discontinue at any time.

Ritual offers multivitamins tailored to your gender, age, and stage of wellness. For example, they have vitamin and mineral supplements for both male and female individuals over the age of 18 and women over 50. 

If you need prenatal or postnatal vitamins, they have those as well. Ritual’s “multivitamins for her” are aimed at teen girls aged 13 to 17, while “multivitamins for him” are aimed at boys aged 13 to 17. There is also a product for children aged four and up.

Rituals vegan supplement contains iron and nine ingredients that the company considers vital for users for bone, mental, cardiovascular, and antioxidant support.

They are as follows:

Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin

Future Kind is a relatively new vegan multivitamin that claims to be the first essential vegan vitamin and mineral supplement made especially for vegan and plant-based diet plans.

  • Free of carrageenan
  • It is an eco-conscious brand using recycled packaging
  • The brand is listed with the vegan society
  • Free shipping and discounts for subscribers in the US
  • 60-day money-back guarantee
  • Free shipping is only extended to US-based clients
  • The multivitamin can only be purchased on the company’s official website

Enthusiasts of this brand report feeling less tired, having a better mood, and having better concentration. Coupled with a pleasant citrus scent the supplement makes a fantastic addition to your daily supplement routine.

The Essential Vegan Multivitamin contains only natural and simple ingredients.

The capsule’s ingredients are as follows:

  • Vitamin D3 is essential for bone health as well as the immune system.
  • Vitamin B12 is necessary for immunity.
  • Algal omega-3 oil[13] is good for the brain and heart.

Another advantage is that the vegan capsule is entirely free of carrageenan. It is made from a tapioca starch mixture rather than carrageenan. Some experts believe that carrageenan can induce inflammation[14], digestive issues such as bloating and IBD, and potentially colon cancer.

However, more research is needed for a more definitive conclusion.

Healthy Cell Vegan Essentials

HealthyCell Vegan Essentials

Check Price

15% Off Coupon: HEALTHCANAL15

See Healthy Cell Reviews

Vegan Essentials is both a purely functional vegan gel and a tasty one. It has a wonderful natural peach mango flavor and can be eaten right out of the package, mixed with water, or added to smoothies.

  • It has a fantastic peach-mango taste
  • The brand is eco-friendly with innovative ideas
  • It may help with hair and nail health
  • It may help with bone strength and muscle development
  • It may boost your immunity
  • The sweet taste may be too much for some people

The team of doctors and nutritionists who make Vegan Essentials formulate the gel capsules with scientific data. The formula comprises minerals, vitamins, and other essential nutrients important to supplement a plant-based diet.

It contains vitamin A[15], iron, vitamin B12, zinc, choline[16], omega-3, vitamin D3, and amino acids. The brand purports that its vegan multivitamin helps with healthy hair, muscle development, bone strength, cognitive ability, nail strength, vitality, and immune function.

The company is an eco-friendly gel multivitamin that comes in 100% recyclable boxes. They request their customers to send them back their empty packaging so that they can reuse them again.

Performance Lab NutriGenesis Multi for Men

Performance Lab’s vegan supplement for men has more than 17 vitamins and minerals that are important for men to take every day, and they’re made to meet their specific needs. It may help men who use it to stay fit and healthy and is one of the best vegan multivitamins for men.

  • The capsules are easy to swallow
  • This vegan supplement may enhance cardiovascular health
  • It may promote hair and nail health
  • It may boost your energy levels
  • Because of the probiotics present, it offers better digestive health
  • The brand is recognized worldwide
  • Non-GMO
  • Gluten-free
  • The brand offers a 60-day risk-free money-back guarantee
  • They provide fast shipping
  • The dosage of four capsules daily seems a little too much

The vegan vitamin and mineral supplement has many whole-food complexes that help the body get more nutrients. It was made to fill in the nutritional gaps in your diet that your current eating plan is leaving. It may also help cells work better.

NutriGenesis for men has probiotics[17] to help with your digestive health. The plant-based capsules that the brand uses are innately probiotic and very clean.

These capsules are easy to swallow because they are made to fit the most nutrients into the smallest possible capsules.

The vegan multivitamin provides iodine[18], vitamin A, Iron, magnesium, and zinc, to name a few of the nutrients found in this multivitamin. There is only 1% of the daily value for calcium contained in this vitamin so needs for this nutrient will have to be met separately. These nutrients help your body work properly and help you stay healthy by boosting your body’s ability to make and use energy.

This vegan multivitamin is gender-specific for men and may provide them with hormonal balance.

The entire ingredient profile is

  • Boron
  • Calcium 
  • Copper
  • Folate 
  • Iron 
  • Iodine
  • Vitamin A (as Retinol and Beta-Carotene)
  • Vitamin B1
  • Vitamin B2 
  • Vitamin B6+ 
  • Vitamin B12 
  • Biotin
  • Pantothenic Acid
  • Vitamin C 
  • Vitamin D 
  • Vitamine E
  • Vitamin K (K1 & K2) 
  • Niacin 
  • Magnesium+ 
  • Zinc
  • Potassium
  • Inositol 
  • Selenium 
  • Manganese
  • GTF Chromium
  • Molybdenum 
  • Vanadium 

Future Kind Vegan Multivitamin with Probiotics

Future Kind’s vitamin supplement is one of the best daily multivitamin supplements that provide nutrients you could lack in your vegan diet, especially if they’re hard to come by in plant-based food.

  • Comes in eco-friendly packaging
  • These vegan supplements come in easy-to-swallow soft gels
  • The soft gels have an orange citrusy smell and taste
  • The brand offers a 60-day money-back guarantee
  • Registered with the vegan society
  • It is a US brand
  • The vegan supplement is a bit pricey

Like most vegan multivitamins, this multivitamin comes in capsules that you can swallow whole with a drink. The capsules are small, making the process much smoother.

They also feature an orange scent, enhancing the bottle’s aroma and flavor. In each capsule, you find vitamin B12 (80% as methylcobalamin and 20% as adenosylcobalamin). Each also contains vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and algae omega-3 Oil (eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA and DHA).

Performance Lab NutriGenesis Multi For Women Multivitamin

NutriGenesis multi for women is a Performance Lab-exclusive multivitamin supplement that may provide hormonal balance for women. It contains probiotics for better digestion and nutrient assimilation.

  • The brand offers speedy delivery
  • The brand is a non-GMO
  • It is free from synthetic flavors, colors, and fillers
  • Contains probiotics
  • Taking four capsules each day is a lot

It promotes daily vitality by providing your body’s daily nutrients for health and fitness.

These women-specific multivitamins are packaged in ultraclean, naturally probiotic capsules. It should be taken four times a day, twice in the morning and evening.

But suppose you need extra, you may increase your daily dosage to 6 capsules daily, 3 in the morning and 3 in the night if you need to make up for a nutritional deficiency in your diet.

The capsules are available in 00 sizes, which pack the most nutrient value into the smallest possible capsule while remaining easy to swallow.

Here is a list of all the ingredients they have for women in different life stages:

Women above 18

Boron, folate, vitamin D, vitamin B12,  vitamin K2, omega-3 DHA, vitamin E, iron, and magnesium.

Women above 50

Folate, boron, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin E, omega-3 DHA, vitamin K2, and magnesium

Pregnant women

Magnesium,  choline, vitamin B12, omega-3 DHA,  iodine, vitamin D, iron, boron, vitamin E, biotin, vitamin K2, and folate.

Nursing women

Folate, vitamin K2, vitamin B12, iodine, omega-3 DHA, vitamin A, choline, biotin, vitamin D, iron, boron, vitamin E, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin C.

Garden Of Life Mykind Organics

Garden of Life, L.L.C., and co-creator Alicia Silverstone collaborated to manufacture vitamins from organic, vegan healthy whole foods.

  • Certified vegan, gluten-free, and USDA organic
  • It may help with improving metabolism
  • It may aid skin and nail health
  • Third-party tested
  • Convenient once-a-day vegan supplement.
  • Gender-specific
  • National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) certified
  • Whole food multivitamin
  • Contains fiber
  • There is overwhelming feedback that the supplement causes itchy red rashes after use

The product creators’ goal of providing the highest-quality nutrients to families and individuals resulted in a revolutionary discovery. It resulted in a completely unique Non-GMO Project Verified, Certified USDA Organic line of multivitamins made from natural, whole foods that can be traced back to the seed and organic plantation where they were cultivated.

For this reason, it is the best organic vegan multivitamin.

Garden of Life’s objective of “Empowering Extraordinary Health” begins with a dedication to offering pure, whole-food-based consumables free of synthetic additives, artificial colors or sugars, and chemical preservatives.

The business’s B Corp status emphasizes environmental preservation, eco-friendly projects, and charity. Three significant concepts define Garden of Life’s commitment to ensuring fully sanitary products: Non-GMO Project Verified, whole food, and USDA Certified Organic.

These multivitamins come in formulations specific for men, women, and children.

The extracts used in the Mykind line come from over 30 organic fruits, veggies, and herbs, including sea kelp, kale, parsley, broccoli, ginger, basil,  alma berries, and more. Each multivitamin supplement is made with real, whole foods traceable back to the seed.

What Vitamins And Minerals Are Not Suitable For A Vegan Diet?

Every vitamin and mineral is essential for the human body: vegan or not. The essential nutrients include amino acids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They are all responsible for overall health, ensuring that you have a functioning immune system, healthy skin, better cardiovascular health, and healthy digestion.

Since the most significant distinction between a vegan and a non-vegan diet is the nutrient source, vegans should avoid vegan supplements with animal products, even in trace quantities.

Certain ingredients which some vegan supplements may use may compromise a vegan diet. Not only compromise it but cause some unpredictable effects later on.

Some of those vegan vitamin and mineral supplements that you should avoid are:-

Vegan supplements with Genetically modified ingredients (GMOs).

  • Vegan supplements that have gluten and gelatin
  • Vegan supplements with added artificial flavors and sugars
  • Vegan supplements without third-party testing

What To Look For In A Vegan Multivitamin Supplement?

Vegans can acquire many essential nutrients from plant-based sources like whole organic foods. However, getting some essential elements might be difficult on a vegan diet.

So here are some of the nutrients that one should look for in the best vegan vitamins supplement.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is essential because it supports brain function and an energy-producing metabolism. It’s is organically available in fatty fish, meat, milk, and eggs. All these sources are obviously off-limits to vegans.

And true to this, there aren’t many plant-based sources of vitamin B12; however, fortified foods like nutritional yeast can help vegans receive a little of what they need. Since you’re not going to eat nutritional yeast all day, it’s a smart option to supplement with a vegan multivitamin each day.

If you need a bioidentical form of a vitamin or mineral, such as B12, a high-quality vegan supplement can help. “Bioidentical” refers to a lab-created variant biochemically similar to the natural form.

So, in the case of vitamin B12, the bioidentical variant found in a vegan supplement can help meet nutrient requirements while avoiding using an animal source.

Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral for strong bones and teeth. Muscle functioning, nerve signaling, and cardiovascular health are also affected.

The RDA for calcium is 1,000 milligrams per day for most individuals and 1,200 milligrams per day for those over 50.

Calcium-fortified plant milk and juices include kale, bok choy, mustard greens, chickpeas, watercress, turnip greens, broccoli, and calcium-set tofu.

However, most researchers concur that most vegans are deficient[19] in calcium. A vegan should ensure that the vegan multivitamin supplement they select has enough calcium content. It helps to supplement the supply they get from plant foods that contain calcium. Many multivitamins lack adequate calcium since it interferes with the absorption of other minerals, such as iron.

Omega-3 DHA

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid and is another essential nutrient that vegans may struggle to obtain through food. Omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial to eyesight and cardiovascular health. Fish is the best source of omega-3 DHA; yet again, vegans do not eat fish.

Fortunately, some vegan-friendly multivitamins have discovered how to provide omega-3 DHA without killing any fish. Here’s how science works: Fish acquire their omega-3 DHA from microalgae, so by using algal oil rather than fish oil in the multivitamins, these brands provide you with a vegan-friendly supply of omega-3 DHA.

Iron

Iron is necessary for life, as it aids in blood formation and oxygen transfer. Its requirements are greater in pregnancy, postpartum, and menstrual women. Plant-based iron-rich foods contain iron, such as spinach and lentils, but animals provide the finest sources.

Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral for a healthy metabolism, immunological function, and bodily cell repair.

Inadequate zinc intake can cause developmental issues, baldness, diarrhea, and slow injury healing. The zinc intake is recommended at 8–11 mg per day for adults. It rises to 11–12 mg for pregnant women and 12–13 mg for breastfeeding women.

Zinc is found in only a few plant diets. Furthermore, zinc absorption from various plant diets is reduced due to their high phytate content. As a result, vegetarians should strive for 1.5 times their RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance).

Although not all vegans have low zinc amounts in their blood, a study with 26 participants found out that vegetarians, particularly vegans, have reduced zinc consumption and somewhat lower zinc blood levels[20] than meat-eaters.

Eat a range of zinc-rich foodstuffs throughout the day to get the most out of it. Whole grains, legumes, tofu, wheat germ, nuts, sprouted bread, and seeds are among them.

Soaking seeds, nuts, and legumes overnight, having a high protein diet and including fermented foods like tempeh and miso all appear to help with the assimilation[21] of nutrients.

Besides the ingredients profile, you also need to look out for

  • Non-GMO
  • If the product is listed with the Vegan Society
  • Third-party testing
  • Presence of artificial additives
  • Pricing
  • Vegan supplement form: powder, liquid, capsule

Benefits of Taking Multivitamins

In addition to having balanced plant-based diets, a daily vegan multivitamin may offer the body the following benefits;

Final Thought

When looking for the best vegan multivitamins, consult a dietitian and your physician first. These professionals ensure that you get more than enough vitamins to stay healthy, no matter the supplement you get.

It is especially important to consult a health professional if you have any underlying health conditions like diseases, hypersensitivities, and allergies.

Besides the brand, go for a vegan supplement that is easy to use. For example, if you love smoothies, go for liquid multivitamins or vegan powders. And if you do not mind swallowing pills, tablets, soft gels, and capsules would be ideal.

Lastly, ensure that the ingredient profile contains what you need. And have a little extra like digestive enzymes, are sugar-free, non-GMO, artificial additive-free, or soy-free, all the better!

All in all, ensure that you stick to the dosages listed. You will enjoy the numerous health benefits from the vitamins, minerals, and trace minerals included in these vegan supplements.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can men and women take the same multivitamin?

Yes, they can. However, it all boils down to individual needs. Some vegan supplements are gender-specific, meaning they offer the sexes what they need most at a particular stage of their lives.

Can you take vegan multivitamins every day?

Yes, you can if they are daily vegan multivitamins.

Can I take my multivitamin alongside my pre-workout?

Yes, if the ingredients won’t adversely interact and cancel each other. For example, vitamin A can decrease vitamin D assimilation. Thus, to mitigate this, ensure that vitamin D levels are higher. Take note that some help each other like magnesium is needed for calcium absorption. So always look at the ingredients to ascertain if they help each other.


+ 27 sources

Health Canal avoids using tertiary references. We have strict sourcing guidelines and rely on peer-reviewed studies, academic researches from medical associations and institutions. To ensure the accuracy of articles in Health Canal, you can read more about the editorial process here

  1. Wang, F., Zheng, J., Yang, B., Jiang, J., Fu, Y. and Li, D. (2015). Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, [online] 4(10). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845138/.
  2. ‌Mishra, S., Xu, J., Agarwal, U., Gonzales, J., Levin, S. and Barnard, N.D. (2013). A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: the GEICO study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, [online] 67(7), pp.718–724. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701293/.
  3. ‌Barnard, N.D., Scialli, A.R., Turner-McGrievy, G., Lanou, A.J. and Glass, J. (2005). The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. The American Journal of Medicine, [online] 118(9), pp.991–997. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16164885/.
  4. ‌Clinton, C.M., O’Brien, S., Law, J., Renier, C.M. and Wendt, M.R. (2015). Whole-Foods, Plant-Based Diet Alleviates the Symptoms of Osteoarthritis. Arthritis, [online] 2015, pp.1–9. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359818/.
  5. ‌Pizzorno, L. (2015). Nothing Boring About Boron. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), [online] 14(4), pp.35–48. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712861/.
  6. The Nutrition Source. (2012). Folate (Folic Acid) – Vitamin B9. [online] Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/folic-acid/.
  7. ‌Nih.gov. (2015). Office of Dietary Supplements – Iron. [online] Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/.
  8. NCCIH. (2012). 7 Things To Know About Omega-3 Fatty Acids. [online] Available at: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/things-to-know-about-omega-fatty-acids.
  9. ‌The Nutrition Source. (2012). Vitamin D. [online] Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-d/.
  10. ‌The Nutrition Source. (2012). Vitamin K. [online] Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-k/.
  11. ‌The Nutrition Source. (2012). Vitamin E. [online] Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-e/.
  12. ‌Nih.gov. (2013). Office of Dietary Supplements – Magnesium. [online] Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/.
  13. ‌Scott D. Doughman, Srirama Krupanidhi and Carani B. Sanjeevi (2007). Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Nutrition and Medicine: Considering Microalgae Oil as a Vegetarian Source of EPA and DHA. Current Diabetes Reviews, [online] 3(3), pp.198–203. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18220672/.
  14. ‌Martino, J.V., Van Limbergen, J. and Cahill, L.E. (2017). The Role of Carrageenan and Carboxymethylcellulose in the Development of Intestinal Inflammation. Frontiers in Pediatrics, [online] 5. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410598/.
  15. ‌Nih.gov. (2017). Office of Dietary Supplements – Vitamin A and Carotenoids. [online] Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/.
  16. ‌Nih.gov. (2013). Office of Dietary Supplements – Choline. [online] Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/.
  17. ‌NCCIH. (2012). Probiotics: What You Need To Know. [online] Available at: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics-what-you-need-to-know#:~:text=A%202016%20review%20of%2012,clinical%20signs%20of%20the%20disease.
  18. ‌Gunnarsdottir, I. and Dahl, L. (2012). Iodine intake in human nutrition: a systematic literature review. Food & Nutrition Research, [online] 56(1), p.19731. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468836/#:~:text=Iodine%20is%20an%20essential%20component,life%20(1%E2%80%933).
  19. ‌Clarys, P., Deliens, T., Huybrechts, I., Deriemaeker, P., Vanaelst, B., De Keyzer, W., Hebbelinck, M. and Mullie, P. (2014). Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet. Nutrients, [online] 6(3), pp.1318–1332. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967195/.
  20. ‌Foster, M., Chu, A., Petocz, P. and Samman, S. (2013). Effect of vegetarian diets on zinc status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in humans. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, [online] 93(10), pp.2362–2371. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595983/.
  21. ‌MESSINA, V. and REED MANGELS, A. (2001). Considerations in Planning Vegan Diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, [online] 101(6), pp.661–669. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11424545/.
  22. ‌Tardy, A.-L., Pouteau, E., Marquez, D., Yilmaz, C. and Scholey, A. (2020). Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients, [online] 12(1), p.228. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7019700/.
  23. ‌Chang, Y.-H., Becnel, J. and Trudo, S. (2019). Effects of Multivitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Mental Health Among Young Adults (OR15-03-19). Current Developments in Nutrition, [online] 3(Supplement_1). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6574322/.
  24. ‌Robinson, S., Granic, A. and Sayer, A.A. (2019). Nutrition and Muscle Strength, As the Key Component of Sarcopenia: An Overview of Current Evidence. Nutrients, [online] 11(12), p.2942. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6950468/.
  25. ‌Masri, O.A. (2015). Role of vitamins in gastrointestinal diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology, [online] 21(17), p.5191. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419060/.
  26. ‌Sunkara, A. and Raizner, A. (2019). Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, [online] 15(3), p.179. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822653/.
  27. ‌The Nutrition Source. (2020). Nutrition and Immunity. [online] Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/nutrition-and-immunity/#:~:text=Each%20stage%20of%20the%20body’s,including%20the%20amino%20acid%20glutamine).
Mitchelle Morgan

Medically reviewed by:

Kathy Shattler

Mitchelle Morgan is a health and wellness writer with over 10 years of experience. She holds a Master's in Communication. Her mission is to provide readers with information that helps them live a better lifestyle. All her work is backed by scientific evidence to ensure readers get valuable and actionable content.

Medically reviewed by:

Kathy Shattler

Journal of Physical Education and Sport

Trusted Source

Go to source

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

Trusted Source

Go to source

African Journals Online

Non-profit Platform for African Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of The American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Trusted Source
Go to source

Informit

RMIT University Library

Trusted Source
Go to source

European Food Safety Authority

Science, Safe food, Sustainability

Trusted Source
Go to source

OrthoInfo

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Trusted Source
Go to source

American Academy of Family Physicians

Strengthen family physicians and the communities they care for

Trusted Source
Go to source

Agricultural Research Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Trusted Source
Go to source

The American Journal of Medicine

Official Journal of The Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Database From National Institute Of Health

Trusted Source
Go to source

Lippincott Journals

Subsidiaries of Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute on Aging

Database From National Institute Of Health

Trusted Source
Go to source

Translational Research

The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine

Trusted Source
Go to source

Cell

An All-science Publisher

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of Translational Medicine

BioMed Central

Part of Springer Nature
Go to source

Federal Trade Commission

Protecting America's Consumers

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Human Genome Research Institute

Database From National Institute Of Health

Trusted Source
Go to source

Food Production, Processing and Nutrition

BioMed Central

Part of Springer Nature
Go to source

BMC Gastroenterology

BioMed Central

Part of Springer Nature
Go to source

ACS Publications

A Division of The American Chemical Society

Trusted Source
Go to source

Annual Reviews

Independent, Non-profit Academic Publishing Company

Trusted Source
Go to source

PubChem

National Center for Biotechnology Information

National Library of Medicine
Go to source

PLOS Journals

Nonprofit Publisher of Open-access Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

Thieme E-books & E-Journals

Peer-reviewed & Open Access Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences

Peer-reviewed International Journal Publishes

Trusted Source
Go to source

Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing Home

Chemical Science Journals, Books and Database

Trusted Source
Go to source

Frontiers

Publisher of Peer-reviewed Articles in Open Acess Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

De Gruyter

German Scholarly Publishing House

Trusted Source
Go to source

Hindawi

Open Access Research Journals & Papers

Trusted Source
Go to source

Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids

EDP Sciences

Trusted Source
Go to source

Cambridge Core

Cambridge University Press

Trusted Source
Go to source

FoodData Central

U.S. Department Of Agriculture

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of the American Heart Association

Peer-reviewed Open Access Scientific Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

The Americans with Disabilities Act

U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

Trusted Source
Go to source

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Organization of Food and Nutrition Professionals

tr
Go to source

Sage Journals

Database From Sage Publications

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute of Drug Abuse

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

The ClinMed International Library

A Repository and an Open Access Publisher for Medical Research

Trusted Source
Go to source

The Royal Society Publishing

United Kingdom's National Academy of Sciences

Trusted Source
Go to source

APA PsycNet

Database From American Psychological Association

Trusted Source
Go to source

The Pharma Innovation Journal

Peer-reviewed And Refereed Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development

Peer-reviewed Bimonthly Journal

Trusted Source
Go to source

British Pharmacological Society

Journals - Wiley Online Library

Trusted Source
Go to source

American Psychological Association

Scientific and Professional Organization of Psychologists

Trusted Source
Go to source

AAP Publications

Database From American Academy of Pediatrics

Trusted Source
Go to source

Karger Publishers

Academic Publisher of Scientific and Medical Journals and Books

Trusted Source
Go to source

Cambridge University Press & Assessment

Database From Cambridge University

Trusted Source
Go to source

National Institute of Mental Health

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

MDPI

Publisher of Open Access Journals

Trusted Source
Go to source

Bulletin of the National Research Centre

Part of Springer Nature

Trusted Source
Go to source

The New England Journal of Medicine

Massachusetts Medical Society

Trusted Source
Go to source

Economic Research Service

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Trusted Source
Go to source

MedlinePlus

Database From National Library of Medicine

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

National Institute of Health

An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Trusted Source
Go to source

Trusted Source

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

The BMJ

Weekly Peer-reviewed Medical Trade Journal

The British Medical Association
Go to source

The British Psychological Society

The British Psychological Society is a charity registered in England

Database From Wiley Online Library
Go to source

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

PubMed

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S National Library of Medicine
Go to source

DailyMed

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S National Library of Medicine
Go to source

Google Scholar

Go to source

Science.gov: USA.gov for Science

Government Science Portal

Go to source

ResearchGate

Social Network Service For Scientists

Find and share research
Go to source

American Heart Association

To be a rentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives

Go to source

BioMed Central

Research in progress

Go to source

JAMA Network

Home of JAMA and the Specialty Journals of the American Medical Association

Go to source

Springer Link

Database From Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Springer - International Publisher Science, Technology, Medicine
Go to source

ODS

Database from Office of Dietary Supplements

National Institutes of Health
Go to source

Federal Trade Commission

Bureaus of Consumer Protection, Competition and Economics
Go to source

Trusted Source

Database From U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

Governmental Authority
Go to source

Oxford Academic Journals

Oxford University Press

Trusted Source
Go to source

Taylor & Francis Online

Peer-reviewed Journals

Academic Publishing Division of Informa PLC
Go to source

WHO

Database from World Health Organization

Go to source

Journal of Neurology

Peer-reviewed Medical Journal

American Academy of Neurology Journal
Go to source

ScienceDirect

Bibliographic Database of Scientific and Medical Publications

Dutch publisher Elsevier
Go to source

Wiley Online Library

American Multinational Publishing Company

Trusted Source
Go to source

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

U.S. National Public Health Agency

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

Trusted Source

Database from U.S. National Library of Medicine

U.S. Federal Government
Go to source

U.S. Food & Drug Administration

Federal Agency

U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Go to source

PubMed Central

Database From National Institute Of Health

U.S National Library of Medicine
Go to source
Feedback

Help us rate this article

Thank you for your feedback

Keep in touch to see our improvement