Anaclitic Depression: Definition, Symptoms & Treatment In 2024

Depression is a common but complex condition that affects adults worldwide. One such type of depression is anaclitic depression, which remains relatively less known.

The word — anaclitic — originates from the Greek word — anaklitos^[1] — which means to lean on. This highlights the deep-seated feelings of dependence and abandonment associated with the condition. 

Although often associated with infants and early childhood, this type of depression can also affect adults, resulting in severe illness and discomfort if left untreated. The onset of anaclitic depression in adults often follows significant life changes, periods of extreme illness, or moments of intense emotional distress. Without appropriate intervention, this form of depression can significantly impair an individual’s quality of life and overall mental health.

In this article, we delve into anaclitic depression, its causes, symptoms, and available treatments. By understanding this condition, you can be better equipped to manage or prevent it in your life or in those you care about.

What Is Anaclitic Depression?

At this point, you’re probably wondering — what is anaclitic depression? Anaclitic depression is a form of depression and anxiety that occurs when an individual feels an intense sense of abandonment or separation due to an inadequate attachment style. The term was coined back in 1945. Historically, this condition was first observed in infants separated from their primary caregivers^[2] for an extended period.

This prolonged separation from the object of their love — often their mother or primary caregiver — leads to the development of deep-seated feelings of loss and abandonment. Over time, these feelings can manifest in various kinds of social, emotional, and intellectual impairments, hindering the child’s normal growth and development.

However, research suggests that adults can also suffer from anaclitic depression,^[3] especially if they had insecure attachment styles as children.

The Two Configurations Of Depression

In 1995, two configurations of depression were identified^[4] anaclitic and introjective depression. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V-TR recognizes neither as diagnostic terms. While anaclitic involves a high degree of interpersonal dependency, introjective depression is characterized by self-criticism and self-evaluation.

Anaclitic personality types are driven towards self-perfectionism and acceptance to promote self-worth. An introjective depression personality type is characterized by low self-worth, expectations of rejection, and unrealistic standards for self-performance.

Causes Of Anaclitic Depression

The causes of anaclitic depression are multifaceted, encompassing environmental and interpersonal factors. It’s worth noting that it’s often the interplay of several factors that can lead to the onset of this condition, including other psychiatric conditions.

Insecure Attachment

Adults with insecure attachment styles^[5] as a child are at a greater risk of developing anaclitic depression. The lack of a secure attachment during early development can lay the groundwork for feelings of abandonment and despair later in life. Developing a secure attachment style through therapy or support groups can help people feel secure, reducing symptoms of anaclitic depression. 

Emotional Deficiency

Experiences of emotional neglect or deprivation as children can significantly contribute to this form of depression in adults. This deficiency creates a profound sense of emotional dependence^[6] on others, which can cause intense distress when those relationships are perceived as threatened or lost.

Excessive Dependence

Excessive interpersonal dependency^[6] for emotional satisfaction and security can also cause anaclitic depression. Individuals with high dependence often struggle with fears of abandonment, which can lead them to develop symptoms of depression when they experience perceived or actual rejection or loss.

Severe Illness

Exposure to severe illnesses^[7] or hospitalization can also trigger anaclitic depression in adults. The psychological stress and physical discomfort accompanying serious illness can exacerbate feelings of abandonment and dependence.

Significant Life Changes

Major life changes, such as the loss of a loved one or a job, can cause feelings of abandonment and result in depression of this type. This abrupt change can shake one’s sense of security and stability, leading to depressive symptoms.

Common Symptoms Of Anaclitic Depression

Individuals suffering from this condition often exhibit a range of emotional and physical symptoms of depression. These symptoms often stem from the individual’s intense fear of abandonment and heightened sensitivity to perceived threats to their relationships.

Those experiencing anaclitic depressive symptomatology of this type may experience the following:

• Insecurity and fear of abandonment: They might show signs of insecurity^[5] in relationships, constantly fearing abandonment. This fear can lead to obsessive behaviors aimed at keeping others close.
• Perfectionism: Most people who suffer from this disorder feel a strong need to meet the high standards of others, often striving for perfection to prevent feelings of rejection or abandonment. 
• Loneliness: Despite being surrounded by others, individuals with this type of depressive personality may experience profound feelings of loneliness^[8] and isolation stemming from their intense fear of abandonment.
• Helplessness: This feeling can be particularly overwhelming as they may feel incapable of changing their situation or feelings.
• People pleasing: The fear of abandonment can lead these individuals to consistently aim to please others, often at the expense of their own needs and well-being.
• Depressive symptoms: These include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities. Individuals may also experience difficulty concentrating.
• Physical symptoms: Body aches, weakness, and diarrhea can occur. These physical discomforts often reflect the individual’s emotional state and should not be overlooked. Individuals may also experience chronic pain, which has a well-documented bidirectional relationship^[9] with depression. Depressive symptomatology is present with both the anaclitic personality and the introjective personality types.

Treatment Options For Anaclitic Depression

Evidence suggests that the roots of anaclitic depression lie in insecure attachment experiences^[4] with a primary caregiver. Past evidence has shown an association between the preoccupied attachment style and anaclitic depression. Cultivating a secure attachment style — one that is marked by self-regulation, effective communication with others, personal insight, and empathy — is key to alleviating this form of depression.

Effective treatment for anaclitic depression typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and lifestyle changes. These interventions aim to alleviate depressive symptoms, strengthen the individual’s coping mechanisms, facilitate more effective interpersonal communication, and improve relationships.

Several treatments are available to help individuals with anaclitic depression:

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy methods, such as attachment-based therapy,^[10] can help individuals understand and manage their feelings. This therapeutic approach helps individuals identify and challenge their negative thoughts and behaviors, promoting healthier coping strategies. It also encourages the development of a secure attachment style, an essential factor in overcoming anaclitic depression. Other coping strategies include setting a routine and taking on responsibilities.

Dependent personalities need to work on their vulnerabilities^[11] in self-perception, self-regulation, and attachment to external objects.

Support Groups

Support groups can provide a safe space for individuals to share their experiences and feelings. The shared experience and understanding can offer comfort and reduce feelings of isolation. Participation in support groups can contribute significantly^[12] to developing a secure attachment style and resolving interpersonal difficulties. 

Yoga

Yoga for depression is another method that can help alleviate physical and emotional symptoms. It helps to relax the mind and body, improve concentration, and increase feelings of well-being.

Online Counseling

In today’s digital age, online counseling services are also available. These platforms provide convenient and easy access to professional help. Online counseling can help people with this form of depression deal with difficulties associated with the condition. For example, those with anaclitic depression often experience high self-criticism and low self-esteem.^[11] A therapist can provide support for this. 

Summary 

Anaclitic depression is a complex mental health condition that can affect adults and can lead to severe illness if not addressed. Symptoms of depression, physical discomfort, and a tendency for insecure attachment characterize this condition.

Treatment options for this type of depression include psychotherapy and participation in support groups. Recognizing the signs of anaclitic depression and seeking timely treatment is crucial for managing this condition.

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