Fact Checked
This article is reviewed by a team of registered dietitians and medical doctors with extensive, practical clinical and public health experience.
Best Krill Oil Supplements 2023: Top 7 Brand Reviews
Updated on
- Written by Mitchelle Morgan, Health Writer
Medically reviewed by
Kathy Shattler, MS, RDN
All articles are produced independently. When you click our links for purchasing products, we earn an affiliate commission. Learn more about how we earn revenue by reading our advertise disclaimer.
Transparent Labs Krill Oil
- Heart, brain, and joint health
- Synthetic additives free
- Non-GMO
Elm & Rye Krill Oil
- GMO-free
- Allergen-free
- Supports eye health
1MD Nutrition KrillMD
- No fishy aftertaste
- Antarctic krill oil
- 2x better than fish oil
Fish is one of the foods that must be on the menu at least once a week. And that is because fish oil is a very nutritious element that our bodies need. It helps lower blood pressure[1], lower triglycerides[2], and reduce cholesterol[3]— all benefits for your heart health. Also, because fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, it benefits your brain health and nerves. Omega 3s fatty acids have been proven to help with memory and significantly help the brain mitigate or slow down age-related mental decline illnesses[4] like Alzheimer’s disease.
However, in this piece, we are looking at krill oil which is not the same but closely related to fish oil since it is still sourced from marine wildlife.
You will learn about health benefits and get seven of the best krill oil supplements.
Read on to learn more.
Best Krill Oil Supplements on The Market in (June. 2023)
- Transparent Labs Krill Oil – Editor’s Choice
- Elm & Rye Krill Oil – Best For Your Eyes
- 1MD Nutrition KrillMD – Best for Lowering Cholesterol
- Onnit Krill Oil – Best Sports-certified
- Bulletproof Omega Krill Complex – Best Tasting
- Live Conscious KrillWell – Best Pure Supplement
- Zenith Labs Omega 3-7-9 Krill Oil – Best Brand With The Best Money-Back Guarantee
What Is Krill Oil?
Krill oil is high in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)[5]—the two different types of omega 3s fatty acids. The oil is extracted from Antarctic krill, a small shrimp-like shellfish.
The fatty acids in krill oil, on the other hand, are inherently different from those in fish oil, which may affect how the body processes them.
Krill oil has a different appearance than fish oil. While fish oil usually is yellow, this oil is reddish-brown due to a naturally present antioxidant known as astaxanthin.
In a nutshell, pure krill oil containing natural astaxanthin may assist cardiovascular health, skin protection and restoration[6], inflammation, the therapy of age-related disorders[7] and reduce oxidative stress.
If you compare fish oil and krill oil, krill oil turns out superior in a few instances:
- The body absorbs krill oil better since it is available as phospholipids and not as triglycerides as found in fish oil. In one randomized trial, people who took krill oil had higher concentrations of EPA and DHA[8]. This claim, however, requires more studies to be deemed conclusive.
- This type of oil is richer in the antioxidant astaxanthin, which helps fight oxidative stress.
On the flip side, fish oil is more affordable than krill oil when comparing the two. And that is why it is widely used.
Health Benefits of Krill Oil
Here are the health benefits of krill oil supplementation:
- As per some studies, krill oil intake can help lower triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol, two blood lipids that can negatively influence heart health[9] if levels are elevated.
- Reduced inflammation, improved blood lipid levels, and improved brain function is all advantages of astaxanthin, EPA, and DHA-rich krill oil. The oil may also help treat arthritis[10] and problems linked with premenstrual syndrome[11].
- A daily dose of this oil provided medical properties in adults with dry eye disease when contrasted to a placebo. According to the researchers, the advantage was related to the long-chain krill oil omega 3s fatty acids.
- When used to decrease neuroinflammation and cognitive function in high-fat diets, this kind of oil may be more successful than other marine oils at delivering omega 3s. This improved omega-3 absorption, combined with the natural astaxanthin in krill oil, could be beneficial in treating age-related disorders[12], including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
7 Best Krill Oil Supplements in 2023
Transparent Labs Krill Oil
Transparent Lab is a renowned brand with various dietary supplements on the market. Transparent Lab is a stand-out product because they offer quality, including the triple threat krill oil that aids the heart, joints, and brain.
- Free of any synthetic additives, such as dyes, flavorings, and sugars
- Guten-free
- Made with ingredients free of genetically modified organisms (Non-GMO)
- No fishy aftertaste
- Beneficial for your heart, brain, and joint health
- The brand only sells one-size container
CoreSeries Krill Oil from Transparent Labs is an essential fatty acid product. It’s supposed to improve cognitive, cardiovascular, and joint health.
This product contains phospholipid[13]-rich krill oil, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), a more bioavailable product than fish oil.
According to the Transparent Labs website, both EPA and DHA may help avert or reduce the effects of several ailments, spanning from depression[14] to cardiovascular disease[15].
CoreSeries Krill Oil is free of sugar alternatives, colors, preservatives, gluten, and genetically modified organisms. Each bottle has 60 soft gels, which equals 30 servings.
Elm & Rye Krill Oil
If you cannot stand the taste of fish oils and need a good supplement for your eyes, Elm & Rye is the next best thing to try. Besides helping with vision, you get a supplement that helps your heart, skin, and bones.
- Supports heart health
- It May help with the reduction of inflammation
- Potent for relieving joint pain
- Pure ingredients
- Improves the appearance of the skin
- The container does not contain enough information about the ingredients
The Elm & Rye krill supplement is packaged in a simple, eye-catching bottle with a bold black and white branding. Although the logo is simple, there is nothing simple about this krill supplement.
Elm & Rye Krill Oil comes in a bottle with 30 pills to help consumers enhance joint health and reduce inflammation, limiting movement. With 500 milligrams (mg) of krill oil, it supports greater health in your body and the maximum quantity of how much krill oil per day you need. The corporation outsources lab inspections to an impartial third party to verify that customers get what is advertised on the label and it is free from contamination.
Its eye-health prowess is owed to astaxanthin[16], an antioxidant and carotenoid that aids in the treatment of glaucoma, eye fatigue, dry eye, and Acute Macular Degeneration (AMD), and other conditions.
1MD Nutrition KrillMD
If your doctor has suggested reducing your cholesterol levels, using the KrillMD may help. It contains highly bioavailable elements that will help you lower your cholesterol levels and improve the functioning of other bodily systems.
- Krill sourced from the Antarctic ocean
- Supports cardiovascular health
- Supports brain, skin, eye, bone, and joint health
- 90-day money-back guarantee
- It is an expensive brand
1MD KrillMD, being one of our best krill oil supplements, outperforms most other krill oil supplements on the market because it is sourced entirely from Antarctic Krill. It has plenty of astaxanthin, EPA, DHA, and phospholipids, all found in krill.
Chronic inflammation[17] and the oxidative stress[18] that it causes can be fought with astaxanthin.
DHA and EPA can help you live a healthier life by decreasing blood pressure[19], boosting HDL or “good” cholesterol, decreasing triglycerides, and preventing blood clots by preventing platelets[20] from aggregating together.
Due to the highly accessible phospholipids in the blend and the fact that they used krill from the Antarctic ocean, they are one of the best krill oils for decreasing cholesterol. Krill thrive in the Antarctic ocean due to the abundance of food and ice for their healthy growth.
These omega-3 fatty acids are also important for your brain, eye, liver, and bone and joint health.
Onnit Krill Oil
15% Off Coupon: HEALTHCANAL
As one of the best krill oil supplements on our list, Onnit has a great reputation in the sports industry. Multiple athletes have backed up these krill oil supplement with praises that it works.
- Athletes endorse these krill oils
- Fresh Antarctic waters were used to make this product
- This product has a Friend of the Sea certification
- Third-party tested
- It makes you burp
- It has a distinct, unpleasant odor
The krill oils supplementation by Onnit is high in fatty acids like EPA and DHA, which help the body function properly. They also have carotenoids[21], phospholipids, and astaxanthin, which help with cognitive function, joint mobility, and cardiovascular health.
Friend of the Sea[22] verified that the krill oil used in these Onnit soft gels was responsibly obtained.
The krill utilized in this product was acquired from the Antarctic’s fresh, toxin-free seas to reduce the risk of contamination.
Another independent Informed-SportSport certification seal is included on the Onnit krill oil supplement. This implies that each batch has been analyzed for over 250 chemicals prohibited by athletics organizations. It has been produced in a facility with suitable sports nutrition quality measures.
Many athletes, like AJ Hawk and Brandon Guyer, promote and advocate for Onnit Krill Oil. Each pill has 500mg, and the container has 60 capsules, enough for a month’s supply.
Bulletproof Omega Krill Complex
BulletProof is a brand that wants to offer its clients only excellent krill oil supplements. It claims that you are bettering your heart, joints, and brain health by taking krill oil pills from them.
- Contains a distinctive Antarctic Krill blend
- Contains California Lemon oil that gives it a fantastic taste
- Comes in a large 120 soft gel bottle
- It is available in only one size
These krill oil supplements contain a proprietary blend of omega 3s fatty acids, krill, and fish roe[23] sourced from sustainable fisheries. Fish roe is the fully ripe, unfertilized eggs from marine life.
They comprise gamma-linolenic acid[24] (GLA) and antioxidants from astaxanthin and olive oil[25], which are beneficial to the heart, brain, and joints. These chemicals also aid in the maintenance of healthy eyes, skin, and other body organs.
California Lemon oil[26] and phospholipids are also included in these krill oil supplements, giving them a pleasant citrus flavor.
The manufacturers suggest that you take one pill at breakfast and one in the afternoon. You take one at night with a meal or a snack to get the most out of this product. Each bottle contains 120 soft gels, each of which has 1560 mg in two capsules.
Live Conscious KrillWell
Live Conscious is the ultimate if you need a good krill oil brand with a minimalist ingredient list. It only contains pure krill oil and the capsules; nothing more, nothing less!
- Supporting your cognitive, joint, and cardiovascular health
- Easy to swallow
- Does not make you burp, and it does not leave a fishy aftertaste
- It is dairy, peanut, soy, gluten, preservative, and GMO-free
- Pure krill oil supplement with only the krill oil and capsule
- Has a certification as a Good Manufacturing Practice facility(cGMP)
- It is both kosher and halal
- When bought from a third-party site, some customers attest that the product reached them with a broken seal
The health benefits of krill oil only get better with this product since they use 100% pure krill oil. The manufacturers claim that their formulation is the perfect dosage for cognition, cardiovascular and joint health. But telling from the overwhelming comments on Amazon, it seems to help people mostly with joint health.
It soothes joint pain, reduces inflammation, and increases mobility. It achieves all of these because of the pure krill ingredient rich in EPA, DHA, and the antioxidant astaxanthin.
This krill oil is produced from Antarctic krill using a validated clinical process to improve absorption and assimilation. The Multi-Stage Oil (MSO) extraction technique[27] employs several innovative procedures to preserve oil freshness while also improving grade, safety, and consistency. The krill oil omega 3s fatty acids in the supplement have a variety of health advantages ranging from enhanced cardiovascular health to reduced joint discomfort.
These unique omega 3s fatty acids and EPA, DHA, and astaxanthin, a super–antioxidant, help distinguish krill oil from the competition. This makes it better than fish oil pills.
Zenith Labs Omega 3-7-9 Krill Oil
Zenith Omega 3-7-9 has potent ingredients, including omega 3’s companions, but it offers you the best money-back guarantee. You can return your product within 180 days after purchase if you are not satisfied, and you will get a full refund.
- 180-day money-back guarantee
- Sources its oil from macadamia nuts
- May help with better digestion
- May help with better and slower aging skin
- May help with heart health
- Includes omega 3, 7, and 9.
- It is only available via the brand’s official website
Omega 3-7-9 + krill is a supplement that combines omega-3 with its companion elements omega-7, omega-9, and krill oil. For three significant reasons, the company believes that its supplement outperforms the competition and all other traditional fish oil supplements.
- Omega-3 improves mental acuity[28] and joint health[29].
- Omega-7 aids digestion and skin[30] health.
- Omega-9 and krill oil improve energy, mood, and cardiovascular[31] fitness.
Macadamia nut oil[32] is the source of power in the Omega 3-7-9 + Krill supplement. Unlike most oils, including fish oil, macadamia nut oil has just the correct ratios of omegas 3, 7, and 9. So it supplies the body with just the right proportions of the nutrients. You will also get a good dose of DHA, EPA, and astaxanthin.
As per the official website, the suggested daily intake is two supplement soft gels with a full meal – breakfast in the morning or lunch in the afternoon.
How We Ranked the Best Krill Oil Brands
While searching for potent krill oil supplements, you must go for the best and most high-quality product to celebrate health benefits. So much so, we chose the best krill oil pills in this post based on the following criteria:
Third-Party Lab Testing
Here, you answer this question: Has a third party evaluated the supplement for authenticity, toxicity, and quality?
If they have any of the following verifications, the better: United States Pharmacopeia (USP), NSF International, Informed-Sport, and ConsumerLab are among prominent third-party supplement screening companies. The only 3rd party testing and certification program dedicated solely to this type of supplementation is International Krill Oil Standards (IKOS).
A stamp will usually appear on the product, showing that it has undergone third-party testing by this body.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content
In this section, we aim to answer three main questions:
- Is there at least 250 mg of EPA and DHA omega 3s fatty acids in the product?
- Are there phospholipids in the product to boost the omega-3 absorption rate?
- Is there any extra oil, filler, or additive that offers additional health benefits to the consumer?
These seven top krill oil supplements reviewed were sufficient in all three categories. They have a good omega 3s fatty acids content, presence of phospholipids, and extras that may help you gain more from this oil supplement naturally.
The Reputation of the Brand
Here, the two main questions are:
- Is the oil supplement brand well-known and recognized in the industry?
- Is it getting good feedback for its ingredients, products, and customer service?
A well-known brand, especially one that has been in business for decades, is a good sign. They are probably doing it right, and that is why they are still in business, so this can help. If they are additionally getting overwhelming feedback online, that cements their credibility.
But please be aware that you will most certainly find a couple of bashing feedbacks because not all supplements work for everyone.
Read wide to make an informed decision. But what if you cannot find any feedback about the brand?
Truthfully, some brands are relatively new to the scene, so you may not get as much feedback content on the effectiveness of the product. But should you discredit that brand?
Certainly not! Instead, dive deeper into the ingredient list and conduct more profound research on each ingredient combing through its benefits. If they match your needs, then well and good, and give it a go. But if the science is not conclusive, use a renowned product instead.
Side Effects of Krill Oil
Generally, krill oil intake for adults has been deemed safe, but the studies on its safety are still in infancy. The common side effects are bad breath, fishy taste, loose stool, stomach upsets, and nausea.
But that is not all; the following groups of people may suffer far more severe side effects:
- People who are allergic to seafood[33].
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women.
- Those individuals with clotting disorders
For people healing from surgery, this kind of oil slows down blood clotting, so it’s better to stay away to mitigate bleeding. Such individuals should avoid using this oil before and after surgery for a fortnight.
How Much Krill Oil Should I Take a Day?
The suggested intake of this type of oil is determined by the quantity of DHA and EPA included in the supplement, similar to fish oil. DHA and EPA intake should be between 250 and 500[34] milligrams (mg) per day.
However, studies[35] have indicated that significantly larger dosages of DHA and EPA, up to 4 g per day, may be required for certain persons. Before using any supplement above the suggested dosage, speak with your doctor.
Final Thought
There are a lot of companies that claim to have the best krill oils on the market. And while there are a lot of brands to choose from, selecting the perfect one can be difficult. Regardless, you now have seven brands to choose from, and we’ll throw you two more like bonuses.
The two that are similarly as competent as the above are Krill Oil Plus and Bronson Antarctic Krill oil, but carefully read reviews and examine third-party testing and the ingredient list before making a final decision.
Lastly, supplements should never be used as a meal replacement. For best results, you must maintain a healthy diet and exercise. Most essential, seek medical counsel from your doctor before using these or any other krill oils.
Frequently Asked Questions
In cases where you are not getting enough supply of omega 3s fatty acids DHA, EPA, and astaxanthin from natural sources, or you have special needs, your doctor may recommend krill oil.
250 to 500 milligrams of the EPA and DHA available in the krill oil is the ideal range to consume per day.
Yes, it is too much because it is beyond the recommended limit.
You need to look at the ingredient list, third-party testing, the omega 3s fatty acid content, and the brand’s reputation as the main factors.
+ 35 sources
Health Canal avoids using tertiary references. We have strict sourcing guidelines and rely on peer-reviewed studies, academic researches from medical associations and institutions. To ensure the accuracy of articles in Health Canal, you can read more about the editorial process here
- Minihane, A.M., Armah, C.K., Miles, E.A., Madden, J.M., Clark, A.B., Caslake, M.J., Packard, C.J., Kofler, B.M., Lietz, G., Curtis, P.J., Mathers, J.C., Williams, C.M. and Calder, P.C. (2016). Consumption of Fish Oil Providing Amounts of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid That Can Be Obtained from the Diet Reduces Blood Pressure in Adults with Systolic Hypertension: A Retrospective Analysis. The Journal of Nutrition, [online] 146(3), pp.516–523. doi:10.3945/jn.115.220475.
- Eslick, G.D., Howe, P.R.C., Smith, C., Priest, R. and Bensoussan, A. (2009). Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology, [online] 136(1), pp.4–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.092.
- Oelrich, B., Dewell, A. and Gardner, C.D. (2013). Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, [online] 23(4), pp.350–357. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.06.003.
- Dyall, S.C. (2015). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, [online] 7. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052.
- Kwantes, J.M. and Grundmann, O. (2014). A Brief Review of Krill Oil History, Research, and the Commercial Market. Journal of Dietary Supplements, [online] 12(1), pp.23–35. doi:10.3109/19390211.2014.902000.
- Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M. and Scapagnini, G. (2018). Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, [online] 10(4), p.522. doi:10.3390/nu10040522.
- Sztretye, M., Dienes, B., Gönczi, M., Czirják, T., Csernoch, L., Dux, L., Szentesi, P. and Keller-Pintér, A. (2019). Astaxanthin: A Potential Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Treatment in Diseases and with Aging. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, [online] 2019, pp.1–14. doi:10.1155/2019/3849692.
- Köhler, A., Sarkkinen, E., Tapola, N., Niskanen, T. and Bruheim, I. (2015). Bioavailability of fatty acids from krill oil, krill meal and fish oil in healthy subjects–a randomized, single-dose, cross-over trial. Lipids in Health and Disease, [online] 14(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0015-4.
- Ursoniu, S., Sahebkar, A., Serban, M.-C., Antal, D., Mikhailidis, D.P., Cicero, A., Athyros, V., Rizzo, M., Rysz, J. and Banach, M. (2017). Lipid-modifying effects of krill oil in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews, [online] 75(5), pp.361–373. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw063.
- Ierna, M., Kerr, A., Scales, H., Berge, K. and Griinari, M. (2010). Supplementation of diet with krill oil protects against experimental rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, [online] 11(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-136.
- Michael paul Wakeman (2013). An open-label pilot study to assess the effectiveness of krill oil with added vitamins and phytonutrients… [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270133540_An_open-label_pilot_study_to_assess_the_effectiveness_of_krill_oil_with_added_vitamins_and_phytonutrients_in_the_relief_of_symptoms_of_PMS
- Andraka, J.M., Sharma, N. and Marchalant, Y. (2020). Can krill oil be of use for counteracting neuroinflammatory processes induced by high fat diet and aging? Neuroscience Research, [online] 157, pp.1–14. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2019.08.001.
- Ramprasath, V.R., Eyal, I., Zchut, S., Shafat, I. and Jones, P.J.H. (2015). Supplementation of krill oil with high phospholipid content increases sum of EPA and DHA in erythrocytes compared with low phospholipid krill oil. Lipids in Health and Disease, [online] 14(1). doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0142-y.
- Liao, Y., Xie, B., Zhang, H., He, Q., Guo, L., Subramanieapillai, M., Fan, B., Lu, C. and McIntyre, R.S. (2019). Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, [online] 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0515-5.
- Innes, J.K. and Calder, P.C. (2020). Marine Omega-3 (N-3) Fatty Acids for Cardiovascular Health: An Update for 2020. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 21(4), p.1362. doi:10.3390/ijms21041362.
- Giannaccare, G., Pellegrini, M., Senni, C., Bernabei, F., Scorcia, V. and Cicero, A.F.G. (2020). Clinical Applications of Astaxanthin in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases: Emerging Insights. Marine Drugs, [online] 18(5), p.239. doi:10.3390/md18050239.
- Chang, M.X. and Xiong, F. (2020). Astaxanthin and its Effects in Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Molecules, [online] 25(22), p.5342. doi:10.3390/molecules25225342.
- Kim, S. and Kim, H. (2018). Inhibitory Effect of Astaxanthin on Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction-A Mini-Review. Nutrients, [online] 10(9), p.1137. doi:10.3390/nu10091137.
- Guo, X., Li, K., Li, J. and Li, D. (2019). Effects of EPA and DHA on blood pressure and inflammatory factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, [online] 59(20), pp.3380–3393. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1492901.
- Golanski, J.; Szymanska, P.; Rozalski, M. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites on Haemostasis—Current Perspectives in Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2394. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms22052394
- Barros, M., Poppe, S. and Bondan, E. (2014). Neuroprotective Properties of the Marine Carotenoid Astaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Perspectives for the Natural Combination of Both in Krill Oil. Nutrients, [online] 6(3), pp.1293–1317. doi:10.3390/nu6031293.
- Friend of the Sea. (2021). Certified Sustainable Seafood | Omega3 | Aquaculture Services – FOS. [online] Available at: https://friendofthesea.org/
- Vasconi, M., Bellagamba, F. and Moretti, V.M. (2017). Chemical and fatty acids composition of fish roes. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319393455_Chemical_and_fatty_acids_composition_of_fish_roes
- Shramko, V.S., Polonskaya, Y.V., Kashtanova, E.V., Stakhneva, E.M. and Ragino, Y.I. (2020). The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders. Biomolecules, [online] 10(8), p.1127. doi:10.3390/biom10081127.
- Chin, K.-Y. and Ima-Nirwana, S. (2016). Olives and Bone: A Green Osteoporosis Prevention Option. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [online] 13(8), p.755. doi:10.3390/ijerph13080755.
- Park, Y.-S., Kim, I., Dhungana, S.K., Park, E.-J., Park, J.-J., Kim, J.-H. and Shin, D.-H. (2021). Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) Seed Oil Extracted by Different Methods. Frontiers in Nutrition, [online] 8. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.644406.
- Docplayer.net. (2015). Introduction to MSO Multi Stage Oil Extraction Process – PDF Free Download. [online] Available at: https://docplayer.net/34890382-Introduction-to-mso-multi-stage-oil-extraction-process.html
- DiNicolantonio, J.J. and O’Keefe, J.H. (2020). The Importance of Marine Omega-3s for Brain Development and the Prevention and Treatment of Behavior, Mood, and Other Brain Disorders. Nutrients, [online] 12(8), p.2333. doi:10.3390/nu12082333.
- Rajaei, E., Mowla, K., Ghorbani, A., Bahadoram, S., Bahadoram, M. and Dargahi-Malamir, M. (2015). The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving DMARDs Therapy: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Global Journal of Health Science, [online] 8(7), p.18. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p18.
- Song, I.-B., Gu, H., Han, H.-J., Lee, N.-Y., Cha, J.-Y., Son, Y.-K. and Kwon, J. (2018). Omega-7 inhibits inflammation and promotes collagen synthesis through SIRT1 activation. [online] Available at: https://applbiolchem.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1007/s13765-018-0377-1.pdf.
- Delgado, G., Krämer, B.K., Lorkowski, S. and Kleber, M.E. (2016). Individual Omega-9 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Mortality – The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular… [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309876835_Individual_Omega-9_Monounsaturated_Fatty_Acids_and_Mortality_-_The_Ludwigshafen_Risk_and_Cardiovascular_Health_Study
- Lima, E.A., Silveira, L.S., Masi, L.N., Crisma, A.R., Davanso, M.R., Souza, G.I.G., Santamarina, A.B., Moreira, R.G., Roque Martins, A., Sousa, L.G.O. de, Hirabara, S.M. and Rosa Neto, J.C. (2014). Macadamia Oil Supplementation Attenuates Inflammation and Adipocyte Hypertrophy in Obese Mice. Mediators of Inflammation, [online] 2014, pp.1–9. doi:10.1155/2014/870634.
- Cdc.gov. (2022). Food Poisoning from Seafood | Travelers’ Health | CDC. [online] Available at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/fish-poisoning-ciguatera-scombroid
- Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). (2012). EFSA Journal, [online] 10(7). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815.
- Preston Mason, R. (2019). New Insights into Mechanisms of Action for Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, [online] 21(1). doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0762-1.
Written by:
Mitchelle Morgan, Health Writer
Medically reviewed by:
Medically reviewed by:
